How to Write a Science Fair Project Report

Writing a science fair project report may seem like a challenging task, but it is not as difficult as it first appears. This is a format that you may use to write a science project report. If your project included animals, humans, hazardous materials, or regulated substances, you can attach an appendix that describes any special activities your project required. Also, some reports may benefit from additional sections, such as abstracts and bibliographies. You may find it helpful to fill out the science fair lab report template to prepare your report. Important: Some science fairs have guidelines put forth by the science fair committee or an instructor. If your science fair has these guidelines, be sure to follow them. Title:  For a science fair, you probably want a catchy, clever title. Otherwise, try to make it an accurate description of the project. For example, I could entitle a project, Determining Minimum NaCl Concentration That Can Be Tasted in Water.  Avoid unnecessary words, while covering the essential purpose of the project. Whatever title you come up with, get it critiqued by friends, family, or teachers.Introduction and Purpose:  Sometimes this section is called background. Whatever its name, this section introduces the topic of the project, notes any information already available, explains why you are interested in the project, and states the purpose of the project. If you are going to state references in your report, this is where most of the citations are likely to be, with the actual references listed at the end of the entire report in the form of a bibliography or reference section.The Hypothesis or Question:  Explicitly state your hypothesis or question.Materials and Meth ods:  List the materials you used in your project and describe the procedure that you used to perform the project. If you have a photo or diagram of your project, this is a good place to include it.Data and Results:  Data and results are not the same things. Some reports will require that they be in separate sections, so make sure you understand the difference between the concepts. Data refers to the actual numbers or other information you obtained in your project. Data can be presented in tables or charts, if appropriate. The results section is where the data is manipulated or the hypothesis is tested. Sometimes this analysis will yield tables, graphs, or charts, too. For example, a table listing the minimum concentration of salt that I can taste in water, with each line in the table being a separate test or trial, would be data. If I average the data or perform a statistical test of a null hypothesis, the information would be the results of the project.Conclusion:  The concl usion focuses on the hypothesis or  question as it compares to the data and results. What was the answer to the question? Was the hypothesis supported (keep in mind a hypothesis cannot be proved, only disproved)? What did you find out from the experiment? Answer these questions first. Then, depending on your answers, you may wish to explain the ways in which the project might be improved or introduce new questions that have come up as a result of the project. This section is judged not only by what you were able to conclude  but also by your recognition of areas where you could not draw valid conclusions based on your data. Appearances Matter Neatness counts, spelling counts, grammar counts. Take the time to make the report look nice. Pay attention to margins, avoid fonts that are difficult to read or are too small or too large, use clean paper, and make print the report cleanly on as good a printer or copier as you can.

Effects Of Economics And Sexuality On Women s Life

In this paper the overall concern that will be explored is the effects that economics and sexuality have to do with a women during the time period of 1750-1950.Thus during this large time period much has happened to the economy as well as the life style of a women. Therefore, these two topics play a big role within each other that affected women during this time period. Thus this leads to the subtopics that will be discussed to show that economics and sexuality does go hand and hand. The two subtopics that will demonstrate the effects are the industrial economy, and prostitution. These two subtopics provide much information about women during this time period and will help in getting a better understand on the main two topics. These two subtopics as well provide information on how they affect one another as well. Therefore, this paper will discuss how economics and sexuality played a role in women’s life’s during 1750-1950.Thus this leads us into the first subtopic that will be discusses and that is industrial economy. Thus the industrial economy had a major effect on plenty of lives not just women but men as well. Therefore, with the opening of factories and more job opportunities for people, the roles of women began to take a turn. Thus meaning that women would be leaving the home and stepping into the work field. Thus according to Frader â€Å"women played a very public role through their contribution to the industrial economy (Frader pg. 296).† Thus with these new jobs thatShow MoreRelatedSex Education, Why Should We Care?1310 Words   |  6 PagesSex Education, Why Should We Care? It is incredible how the mere knowledge of something that is considered taboo by many can change someone ´s life. 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Read MoreSociety s Norms Of Sexual Activity1587 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that women deserve equality, and therefore stand up for women’s rights. Society’s norms of sexual activity is different from men and women, when men seem sexually active they are praised, but when women seem sexually active they are judged and called â€Å"sluts.† In society, from a very young age people, including women, have been unintentionally teaching their children about double standards in gender, being unintentionally sexist. In Toronto, a police officer addressed young women about safetyRead MoreThe Patriarchal Church1271 Words   |  6 Pagesproblem, it seemed, was going against the teachings of St Paul, and allowing women power in the church. Our branch of the church never thought about it, we’d always had strong women, and the women organized everything. Some of us could preach, and quite plainly, in my case, the chur ch was full because of it. There was an uproar, then a curious thing happened. 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These women were to exist in the Cult of True Motherhood and not break off outside the bounds of being pious, submissive, pure and domestic. When women were confronted with the idea of expressing sexuality, it came into conflict with the status quo of society and threatened the idealized role of women at theRead MoreBlack Oppression By Huey P. Newton1202 Words   |  5 PagesMost of the literature on black oppression fails to take into account the struggle of black women in a society filled with injustice. As evidenced in Huey P. Newtons â€Å"To Die for the People† Newton argues that the black man often blames himself for his own failure because he lacks the sophistication needed to understand that society, and parenting have failed him. He believes that political institutions attempt to hold black people captive. Newto n states, â€Å"the black male faces a hostile environmentRead MorePersuasive Essay On Overpopulation1535 Words   |  7 Pagesof stability and surplus of goods eventually led to a growing population. Now that humans thrive in a sedentary life, the threats that once affected early humans have returned. The environment and inhabitants of this planet are affected by consequences brought upon by humans. Overpopulation is an issue that affects everyone on earth, and even though it may not affect everyone s daily life, it has affected the poor and developing countries. There is a gap between countries of modern ways and societalRead MoreEssay about Elaine Tyler May’s Homeward Bound1175 Words   |  5 Pagesfulfilling life to which postwar women and men aspired.(May, p. 14) Moreover, the therapeutic emphases of fifties psychologists and intellectuals offered private and personal solutions to social problems. 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Effects Of Economics And Sexuality On Women s Life

In this paper the overall concern that will be explored is the effects that economics and sexuality have to do with a women during the time period of 1750-1950.Thus during this large time period much has happened to the economy as well as the life style of a women. Therefore, these two topics play a big role within each other that affected women during this time period. Thus this leads to the subtopics that will be discussed to show that economics and sexuality does go hand and hand. The two subtopics that will demonstrate the effects are the industrial economy, and prostitution. These two subtopics provide much information about women during this time period and will help in getting a better understand on the main two topics. These two subtopics as well provide information on how they affect one another as well. Therefore, this paper will discuss how economics and sexuality played a role in women’s life’s during 1750-1950.Thus this leads us into the first subtopic that will be discusses and that is industrial economy. Thus the industrial economy had a major effect on plenty of lives not just women but men as well. Therefore, with the opening of factories and more job opportunities for people, the roles of women began to take a turn. Thus meaning that women would be leaving the home and stepping into the work field. Thus according to Frader â€Å"women played a very public role through their contribution to the industrial economy (Frader pg. 296).† Thus with these new jobs thatShow MoreRelatedSex Education, Why Should We Care?1310 Words   |  6 PagesSex Education, Why Should We Care? It is incredible how the mere knowledge of something that is considered taboo by many can change someone ´s life. In his Health Education Research, Professor Lawrence St. Leger states that there seems to be a growing consensus claiming that schools can play an important role teaching the youth make informed decisions and help them shape a healthy lifestyle. That is why high schools are considered as the best environment to implement sex education programs withinRead MoreGender Differences And Gender Equality1171 Words   |  5 Pages and unjustifiable conflicts. Women most importantly pay the consequences for wanting equality and justice. Since the beginning of time, women were perceived to be the submissive role in a household, and in the workplace. Fighting for their equal rights women and men are unified to get the same results, to be treated the way they deserve, and to be able to think freely about what they stand for. One question still remains, and that is to what end have man and women fought for gender inequality? Read MoreSociety s Norms Of Sexual Activity1587 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that women deserve equality, and therefore stand up for women’s rights. Society’s norms of sexual activity is different from men and women, when men seem sexually active they are praised, but when women seem sexually active they are judged and called â€Å"sluts.† In society, from a very young age people, including women, have been unintentionally teaching their children about double standards in gender, being unintentionally sexist. In Toronto, a police officer addressed young women about safetyRead MoreThe Patriarchal Church1271 Words   |  6 Pagesproblem, it seemed, was going against the teachings of St Paul, and allowing women power in the church. Our branch of the church never thought about it, we’d always had strong women, and the women organized everything. Some of us could preach, and quite plainly, in my case, the chur ch was full because of it. There was an uproar, then a curious thing happened. My mother stood up and said she believed this was right: that women had specific circumstances for their ministry, that the Sunday School wasRead MoreWomen Struggles By Nina Revoyr1481 Words   |  6 PagesCourse Unit Date Women Struggles in History In her Novel, Southland, 2003, Nina Revoyr captures the struggles that women, especially those of the Asian American descent, have navigated through history. The novel provides interesting material on many fronts including aspects such as sexuality, multiracial and multigenerational family saga. The book is based upon three women characters with the main protagonist being a young Japanese AmericanRead MorePolitics Of Sexuality And Materialism1739 Words   |  7 PagesPolitics of Sexuality and Materialism In 19th century America, the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant woman existed in a domestic sphere where her role as a mother was her primary function in society. These women were to exist in the Cult of True Motherhood and not break off outside the bounds of being pious, submissive, pure and domestic. When women were confronted with the idea of expressing sexuality, it came into conflict with the status quo of society and threatened the idealized role of women at theRead MoreBlack Oppression By Huey P. Newton1202 Words   |  5 PagesMost of the literature on black oppression fails to take into account the struggle of black women in a society filled with injustice. As evidenced in Huey P. Newtons â€Å"To Die for the People† Newton argues that the black man often blames himself for his own failure because he lacks the sophistication needed to understand that society, and parenting have failed him. He believes that political institutions attempt to hold black people captive. Newto n states, â€Å"the black male faces a hostile environmentRead MorePersuasive Essay On Overpopulation1535 Words   |  7 Pagesof stability and surplus of goods eventually led to a growing population. Now that humans thrive in a sedentary life, the threats that once affected early humans have returned. The environment and inhabitants of this planet are affected by consequences brought upon by humans. Overpopulation is an issue that affects everyone on earth, and even though it may not affect everyone s daily life, it has affected the poor and developing countries. There is a gap between countries of modern ways and societalRead MoreEssay about Elaine Tyler May’s Homeward Bound1175 Words   |  5 Pagesfulfilling life to which postwar women and men aspired.(May, p. 14) Moreover, the therapeutic emphases of fifties psychologists and intellectuals offered private and personal solutions to social problems. The family was the arena in which that adaptation was expected to occu r; the home was the environment in which people could feel good about themselves. In this way, domestic containment and its therapeutic corollary undermined the potential for political activism and reinforced the chilling effects of anticommunismRead MoreFeminism : Women s Role1541 Words   |  7 Pagestheir everyday life. After a while, women got sick of living a strict lifestyle. They became tired of staying caged in their houses, cooking, and cleaning, and not being able to do what they truly wanted and so desired. So, they decided that they wanted this no more and needed to do something to put a stop to this and make change. What they really wanted was equality between men and women and wanted the same opportunities that men were getting. For a numerous amount of years, women have strived and

Effects Of Economics And Sexuality On Women s Life

In this paper the overall concern that will be explored is the effects that economics and sexuality have to do with a women during the time period of 1750-1950.Thus during this large time period much has happened to the economy as well as the life style of a women. Therefore, these two topics play a big role within each other that affected women during this time period. Thus this leads to the subtopics that will be discussed to show that economics and sexuality does go hand and hand. The two subtopics that will demonstrate the effects are the industrial economy, and prostitution. These two subtopics provide much information about women during this time period and will help in getting a better understand on the main two topics. These two subtopics as well provide information on how they affect one another as well. Therefore, this paper will discuss how economics and sexuality played a role in women’s life’s during 1750-1950.Thus this leads us into the first subtopic that will be discusses and that is industrial economy. Thus the industrial economy had a major effect on plenty of lives not just women but men as well. Therefore, with the opening of factories and more job opportunities for people, the roles of women began to take a turn. Thus meaning that women would be leaving the home and stepping into the work field. Thus according to Frader â€Å"women played a very public role through their contribution to the industrial economy (Frader pg. 296).† Thus with these new jobs thatShow MoreRelatedSex Education, Why Should We Care?1310 Words   |  6 PagesSex Education, Why Should We Care? It is incredible how the mere knowledge of something that is considered taboo by many can change someone ´s life. In his Health Education Research, Professor Lawrence St. Leger states that there seems to be a growing consensus claiming that schools can play an important role teaching the youth make informed decisions and help them shape a healthy lifestyle. That is why high schools are considered as the best environment to implement sex education programs withinRead MoreGender Differences And Gender Equality1171 Words   |  5 Pages and unjustifiable conflicts. Women most importantly pay the consequences for wanting equality and justice. Since the beginning of time, women were perceived to be the submissive role in a household, and in the workplace. Fighting for their equal rights women and men are unified to get the same results, to be treated the way they deserve, and to be able to think freely about what they stand for. One question still remains, and that is to what end have man and women fought for gender inequality? Read MoreSociety s Norms Of Sexual Activity1587 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that women deserve equality, and therefore stand up for women’s rights. Society’s norms of sexual activity is different from men and women, when men seem sexually active they are praised, but when women seem sexually active they are judged and called â€Å"sluts.† In society, from a very young age people, including women, have been unintentionally teaching their children about double standards in gender, being unintentionally sexist. In Toronto, a police officer addressed young women about safetyRead MoreThe Patriarchal Church1271 Words   |  6 Pagesproblem, it seemed, was going against the teachings of St Paul, and allowing women power in the church. Our branch of the church never thought about it, we’d always had strong women, and the women organized everything. Some of us could preach, and quite plainly, in my case, the chur ch was full because of it. There was an uproar, then a curious thing happened. My mother stood up and said she believed this was right: that women had specific circumstances for their ministry, that the Sunday School wasRead MoreWomen Struggles By Nina Revoyr1481 Words   |  6 PagesCourse Unit Date Women Struggles in History In her Novel, Southland, 2003, Nina Revoyr captures the struggles that women, especially those of the Asian American descent, have navigated through history. The novel provides interesting material on many fronts including aspects such as sexuality, multiracial and multigenerational family saga. The book is based upon three women characters with the main protagonist being a young Japanese AmericanRead MorePolitics Of Sexuality And Materialism1739 Words   |  7 PagesPolitics of Sexuality and Materialism In 19th century America, the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant woman existed in a domestic sphere where her role as a mother was her primary function in society. These women were to exist in the Cult of True Motherhood and not break off outside the bounds of being pious, submissive, pure and domestic. When women were confronted with the idea of expressing sexuality, it came into conflict with the status quo of society and threatened the idealized role of women at theRead MoreBlack Oppression By Huey P. Newton1202 Words   |  5 PagesMost of the literature on black oppression fails to take into account the struggle of black women in a society filled with injustice. As evidenced in Huey P. Newtons â€Å"To Die for the People† Newton argues that the black man often blames himself for his own failure because he lacks the sophistication needed to understand that society, and parenting have failed him. He believes that political institutions attempt to hold black people captive. Newto n states, â€Å"the black male faces a hostile environmentRead MorePersuasive Essay On Overpopulation1535 Words   |  7 Pagesof stability and surplus of goods eventually led to a growing population. Now that humans thrive in a sedentary life, the threats that once affected early humans have returned. The environment and inhabitants of this planet are affected by consequences brought upon by humans. Overpopulation is an issue that affects everyone on earth, and even though it may not affect everyone s daily life, it has affected the poor and developing countries. There is a gap between countries of modern ways and societalRead MoreEssay about Elaine Tyler May’s Homeward Bound1175 Words   |  5 Pagesfulfilling life to which postwar women and men aspired.(May, p. 14) Moreover, the therapeutic emphases of fifties psychologists and intellectuals offered private and personal solutions to social problems. The family was the arena in which that adaptation was expected to occu r; the home was the environment in which people could feel good about themselves. In this way, domestic containment and its therapeutic corollary undermined the potential for political activism and reinforced the chilling effects of anticommunismRead MoreFeminism : Women s Role1541 Words   |  7 Pagestheir everyday life. After a while, women got sick of living a strict lifestyle. They became tired of staying caged in their houses, cooking, and cleaning, and not being able to do what they truly wanted and so desired. So, they decided that they wanted this no more and needed to do something to put a stop to this and make change. What they really wanted was equality between men and women and wanted the same opportunities that men were getting. For a numerous amount of years, women have strived and

Design of Byzantine Churches Free Essays

CASE AREAS In this survey three Byzantine Churches from KadA ±kalesi ( Anaia ) , BaAYpA ±nar and Aigai were selected as the instance countries to analyze the features of wall pictures from Byzantine period in Western Anatolia ( Figure 1 ) . Figure 1. Location of Anaia, BaAYpA ±nar and Aigai ( Beginning: Ramsey 1890 ) 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Design of Byzantine Churches or any similar topic only for you Order Now KadA ±kalesi ( Anaia ) KadA ±kalesi is an ancient colony located in Davutlarlar in the South of KuAYadasA ± – AydA ±n. It is located 8 kilometer from the Centre of KuAYadasA ± . The site is surrounded by gazebos at the present ( Figure 2 ) . KadA ±kalesi is an upstate palace built in 12th century AD. It is a portion of Byzantine circle of defence against Turks. The ancient name of KadA ±kalesi has been identified as Anaia. KadA ±kalesi ( Anaia ) was founded in a location opposing Samos Island that controls the Samos Strait. It was bordered by Ephesos in the North and Miletos ancient metropolis in the South. Figure 2. Aerial exposure of KadA ±kalesi ( WEB1 ) Anaia is situated on a burial mound dating back to the prehistoric ages. Earliest ruins in KadA ±kalesi is dated to late chalcolithic period. Six different colony strata from late chalcolithic to Byzantine have been determined by diggings ( Akdeniz 2007 ) . These are: Stratum I- Islam-Byzantine ( Anaia ) Stratum II- Ancient Greece-Roman Empire Stratum III- Late Bronze Age ( three stages ) Stratum IV- Middle Bronze Age Stratum Va- Early Bronze Age III Stratum Vb- Early Bronze Age II Stratum Vc- Early Bronze Age I Stratum VI- Late Chalcolithic Age Name Anaia is first seen in the list of taxpaying towns of Attic-Delos Union in the first half of the 5 century BC. There is a deficiency of cognition for the Hellenistic period of Anaia. A temple dedicated to Hera had been present in Anaia in the Roman period ( 2neodymium– 3rdcentury AD ) . By the acceptance of Christianity as the official faith in 4Thursdaycentury AD Anaia had been an episcopate centre. In 13Thursdaycentury Anaia had been promoted to archbishop centre. The metropolis was transferred to the Genosians in 1261. Through the undermentioned 50 old ages the metropolis was occupied by the Genosians, the Venetians, the Catalans and the Turks. Anaia was captured by the Turks in the early 1300s. In the fourteenth century the country was under the regulation of AydA ±noglu Emirate and so in the fifteenth century it became under the regulation of Ottomans ( Mercangoz 2007 ) . Scientific digging in Anaia began in 2001 under the supervising of Prof.Dr. Zeynep Mercangoz ( Ege University ) . At first the purpose of the digging was to make some glade and allow the palace seen with all its impressiveness. But in 2005 a monumental church-monastery composite was uncovered. The Church has a basilical program with three naves and an apsis. Apse of the church is next to fortress wall. There is a five stepped brick synthronon in the apsis. On the west terminal of the church there are an esonarthex ( interior narthex ) and an exonarthex ( outer narthex ) that enclose the esonarthex at three sides. On the southeast corner of the esonarthex a chapel is located next to east wall of exonarthex and south wall of nave. There is a cistern associated with the church on the West of exonarthex ( Figure 3, 4 ) . Brick and rubble rock had been used in rows in masonry of church. Figure 3. Partial program of the church composite ( WEB 2 ) Figure 4. Nave of the church The church has been decorated with wall pictures which merely a little fragment is present. The most preserved pictures are located on the nathex walls, synthronon walls and trefoil planned infinite at the West of exonarthex ( Figure 5 ) . Figure 5. Wall painting fragments on the walls of a: esonarthex, B: nave, degree Celsius: synthronon A infrastructure located under the apsis of the church was uncovered during 2012 diggings. This infinite can be reached through an arched gap on the eastern terminal of the north frontage of the church. The walls of the infrastructure were built with cut rock blocks. Brick was used for the building of the vault. At a ulterior period a brace of buttresses and arches were added for support of the vault ( Figure 6 ) . The vault of the infrastructure has been decorated with intensive wall pictures ( Figure 7 ) . Figure 6. General position of the infrastructure. A: from North to south, B: from South to north Figure 7. Wall pictures on the vault of the infrastructure 2. BaAYpA ±nar Mount Nif is located on the E of A °zmir Bay. It is bordered with KemalpaAYa lowland on the North, Karabel sound on the E and TorbalA ± lowland on the E. Former name of the Mount Nif was Olympos. Although there are many ruins of different civilizations dated from the eight century BC to the 13 century AD, most of them are from Hellenistic and Byzantine periods ( Tulunay 2008 ) . The first Archaeological diggings began in 2006 in Mount Nif. Excavations continues on four different colonies which are Karamattepe, BallA ±caoluk, DaAYkA ±zA ±lca and BaAYpA ±nar ( Figure 8 ) . An antediluvian colony which was used as cemetery at Hellenic period in Karamattepe, munition walls in BallA ±caoluk, a cemetery in DaAYkA ±zA ±lca and a Byzantine composite in BaAYpA ±nar was discovered ( Tulunay 2008 ) . Karamattepe BallA ±caoluk DaAYkA ±zA ±lca BaAYpA ±nar Figure 8. Excavation countries of Nif ( Olympus ) Mountain Research and Excavation Project ( WEB 3 ) Figure 9. General position of BaAYpA ±nar Church BaAYpA ±nar is located on the southeasterly incline of Mount Nif. Excavations on BaAYpA ±nar began in 2007 as a portion of â€Å"Nif ( Olympus ) Mountain Research and Excavation Project† under the supervising of Prof.Dr. Elif Tul Tulunay ( A °stanbul University ) . Ruins on BaAYpA ±nar is a Byzantine composite of two next churches and a chapel located on the South of churches ( Figure 9 ) . The church on the North ( Building A ) is a three aisled basilica with a apsis which is round from inside and polygonal from outside ( Tulunay 2012 ) . The church is 20*17 m in dimension. The church on the South ( Building B ) has a cross-in-square program with three round apsiss ( YalcA ±n 2011a ) . There is a simple synthronon in the cardinal apsis. Narthex is located on the West of churches. Figure 9. Aerial Photograph of Church composite Brick and rubble rock had been used in rows in masonry of churches ( Figure 10a ) . Although the floor covering of the churches was damaged by illegal diggings in some parts â€Å"opus sectile† covering is preserved ( Figure 10b ) . Constructing A had been decorated with intensive wall pictures which merely a little portion survived today ( Figure 10c, 10d ) . These pictures represent different edifice phases due to two different completing beds ( Figure 10e ) . Paintings are by and large cosmetic geometric bordures and conventionalized flowered designs. Harmonizing to the building technique, pallet and cosmetic features of pictures and features of the clayware covered through diggings the church composite is dated to Lascaris Period ( 13Thursdaycentury AD ) ( YalcA ±n 2011b ) . a B degree Celsiuss vitamin D vitamin E Figure 10. General positions from BaAYpA ±nar Church. a: brick and rubble rock rows in masonry, B: Opus sectile floor covering, c-d: wall picture fragments, vitamin E: plaster beds 3. Aigai The ancient metropolis of Aigai was located on Mount Gun at the 2 kilometer South of YunddaAYA ± Koseler Village in Manisa. Aigai was one of the 12 metropoliss of Aeolia founded by Aeolians migrated from Greece and settled in north-west Anatolia ( Strabon 2005 ) . Archaeological diggings indicate that the foundation of Aigai goes back to the first half of the 7th century BC ( DoAYer 2007 ) . Aigai make a base against Iranian laterality in 547 BC and maintained its independency. The metropolis had been dominated by the Kingdom of Pergamon until 133 BC. After that Aigai had been dominated by Roman Empire. Aigai was abandoned due to Arabic foraies in 7th century AD. In 12 – 13th centuries the colony contunied as a little Byzantine fortress on a limited country behind the Iron Gate ( Sezgin 2013 ) . Figure 11. Site program of Aigai ( Source: Bohn and Schuchhardt 1889 ) The first research on the Ancient metropolis was carried out by S. Reinach and W.M. Ramsay in 1881. The first diggings in Aigai was conducted by Gallic research worker M.A. Clerck in the summer of 1882. The most extended survey was conducted by Pergamon digging members R. Bohn and C. Scuchhardt ( Figure 11 ) ( Sezgin 2013 ) . Recent digging ( since 2004 ) in Aigai is carried out by a squad from Ege University Archaeology Department under the presidential term of Prof. Dr. Ersin DoAYer. Figure 12. Agora wall of Aigai Figure 13. Theatre of Aigai The most of import constructions survived in Aigai are bouleterion, agora, theater, macellum, necropolis, cisterns, Tiberius Gate, Iron Gate and Byzantine Chapel ( Figure 12-13 ) . Byzantine Chapel is located near eastern metropolis wall on the field called the Iron Gate. The Chapel is a simple edifice with a rectangular program ( 12.40*6.20m ) and a individual apsis ( Figure 14 ) . Due to the tomps on the nor’-east corner of the apsis wall, it is thought that the edifice has served as a burial chapel for the little Christian community. Walls are constructed with spolia rock blocks on the outer parts and jumping brick and rock stuff on the inner parts. Mud howitzer is used. Traces of lime plaster are observed on the interior sides of the walls. Byzantine coins and glassy claywares found in chapel during diggings prove that the edifice was in usage in 12 – 13Thursdaycenturies ( DoAYer and Sezgin 2012 ) . Figure 14. Byzantine Chapel Mentions Akdeniz, E. 2007. â€Å"KadA ±kalesi KazA ±sA ± Miken BuluntularA ± ( Mycenaean Findings from the Excavations of KadA ±kalesi ) .†Arkeoloji Dergisi1: 35-70. Bohn, R. , Schuchhardt, C. 1889. Altertumer von Aigai. German capital: Georg Reimer. DoAYer, E. 2007. Aigai 2004-2006 YA ±lA ± KazA ±larA ± .In 29. KazA ± SonuclarA ± ToplantA ±sA ± I. 28 May-01 June 2007. DoAYer, E. Sezgin, Y. 2012. Ege Universitesi KazA ±larA ± . A °zmir: Ege Universitesi. Mercangoz, Z. 2007. KuAYadasA ± , KadA ±kalesi KazA ±sA ± 2006 YA ±lA ± CalA ±AYmalarA ± .In 29. KazA ± SonuclarA ± ToplantA ±sA ± I.28 May- 01 June 2007. Ramsey, W.M. 1890.The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. London: John Murray Strabon. 2005.Antik Anadolu CoAYrafyasA ± – Geographika. A °stanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat YayA ±nlarA ± . Sezgin, Y. 2013. â€Å"Aiolis’te Bir DaAY Kenti: Aigai.†Trakya Universitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi3/5: 95-116 Tulunay, E.T. 2012. â€Å"Smyrna ( A °zmir ) YakA ±nlarA ±nda Bircok Kulturu BarA ±ndA ±ran DaAY : Nif ( Olympos ) †COLLOQUIUM ANATOLICUM XI:81-99 Tulunay, E.T, 2008. Nif ( Olympos ) DaAYA ± AraAYtA ±rma Projesi: 2007 YA ±lA ± KazA ±sA ± .In 30. UluslararasA ± KazA ± , AraAYtA ±rma ve Arkeometri Sempozyumu, Ankara YalcA ±n, A.B. 2011a. â€Å"The Nif ( Nymphaion ) Mountain Project: A new Byzantine Complex Discovered.† A. Nikolov ( ed. ) , In the Proceedings of the 22neodymiumInternational Congress of Byzantine Studies, Sofia August 22-27. YalcA ±n, A. B 2011b â€Å"The Nif Mountain Project: The Byzantine Complex at BaAYpA ±nar.† , The International Scientific Conference ‘Ecclesiastical History Today: Recent Paradigms and New Approaches’ , 297-300. Moscow November 7-9. How to cite Design of Byzantine Churches, Essay examples

The Media and Body Image free essay sample

Ones body is what makes us who we are. Every single person is unique due to an individual physical trait. Even though everyone has an opinion about what his or her perfect body would be, changing ones personal features would take away from individuality. I personally would never have plastic surgery because when I look at myself, I do not see a tall, skinny young man with a funny looking nose and big bug eyes, rather I see a beautifully sculpted masterpiece that God has made just for me. I take pride in the fact that there is no one else on this earth exactly like me. Not just my inner beauty, but my outer beauty makes me different from everyone else. Life would be so boring if everyone looked exactly the same. I personally could not be more content and happy with my body image. What’s body image? Body image is how people picture themselves and how they think other people picture them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Media and Body Image or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is basically how you feel about your body, and it includes your perception, imagination, emotions, and physical sensations. Mass media has been able to shape popular culture and often influence public opinion. However, when abused, the power of media can harm the general population. Images portrayed by the media tend to make people strive to be someone elses idea of perfect while subconsciously ignoring their own goals. Stereotypes formed by the media that include thin, tanned women, and wealthy, muscular men have led to a decline in self-acceptance. The majority of media today often present the perfect body to the public, hoping that consumers will strive to achieve fitness using a certain product or idea. While this form of advertising may somewhat increase a products market share, many people suffer from inner conflicts as a result of failure to achieve the body of a top athlete or fashion model. As a result of these body images projected by the media, men and women have encou ntered physical problems, including bulimia, anorexia, employment of harmful dietary plans, low self-esteem, and depression. Unless reality is discerned from what is presented in certain media, some people will continue to suffer. Consumers could find the truth more easily if media offered products advertised by everyday people without the entire extra glamour. In addition to this, if the public could view adverts only as something to get ones attention and not a portrayal of how one should look, there would be fewer problems. Until either is accomplished, the negative effects will be felt by the vulnerable, and companies will continue to make their money. Consumers which are given a false impression about a product through various forms of media are the ones who suffer most from our societys portrayal of the perfect body. After being influenced by a television commercial or a magazine pictorial, certain people in this world will purchase an item hoping that the same success shown in the media will be achieved by them as well. The truth of the matter is that this hardly ever happens. Every day, people who feel unattractive wear sensual cologne, and those who are not athletic wear Carl Lewis track shoes; mentally, some may feel an improvement but in reality nothing has changed. Realization of this fact leads to the demise of many individuals self pride. The severity of both the mental and physical damage done to the person depends on the case. Some may resort to extreme diets, more unnecessary spending, or a decline in social activity. After being rejected at a local bar despite the bath he took in Polo Sport, Jerry might finally unde rstand that his appearance or personality is the problem, not his cologne. The mental effects of the mass medias portrayal of the perfect body can cause people to resort to unhealthy methods of losing weight to attain that athletic look that so many desire. For instance, men and women who think they are overweight do not eat, for the simple fact that â€Å"they want to lose weight† which can result to eating disorders like bulimia and anorexia. Bulimia is a food disorder caused by mental insecurities and doctors recommend that people who suffer bulimia should see a psychiatrist, and the symptoms include compulsive exercise, taking laxatives, and throwing up, which can cause ones body to become short on electrolytes. Anorexia is a similar condition in which one loses exorbitant amounts of weight often by eating very little and vomiting a small amount of food that is actually consumed. Also men who think they are not muscular take harmful substances such as steroids to build up their muscles, a dangerous act that might endanger their health. In the pa st, both men and women (predominately men) who were slightly overweight used a fat burning drug known as Redux. It was designed for obese individuals, but the off-label use of such drugs became rampant due to advertising techniques by the manufacturers. Many people, including doctors, who were slightly overweight used the drug and have experienced pulmonary hypertension, valvular heart disease, and neurotoxicity. Other drugs, such as steroids, have been widely proven to cause brain cancer, stunted growth, and shrinkage of the testes .Many student-athletes use these performance enhancers in an attempt to become as muscular as the men often portrayed by media. This problem is also present in female teenagers as well. To some girls, steroid use is comparable to diet pills and laxatives. The abuse of these drugs is partly a result of inaccurate advertising as well as the young persons desire to look and perform as well as the superstars shown in various forms of media. The influence the media has on teenagers (especially girls) is becoming greater and more dangerous every day. Advertisements and the media set out with only one intention: to make a profit. However, along the way they are altering the reality of body image and leading girls to believe beauty is only skin deep. Flip through the channels on your television and you will find gorgeous skinny star icons that make healthy young girls feel like they need to be prettier in order to be noticed. The media affects a girl’s mind in such a negative manner that it often causes these girls to look at themselves in dissatisfaction and disgust. When girls see the models in a Victorias Secret commercial they think only one thing: Why cant I look like that? After they examine the models, they then compare their bodies to that of the models they see on television; if the girls ribs do not show or her legs are not as long as the models, she may ultimately begin to think she is unattractive. When girls think this about themselves, their self-esteem is lowered and their confidence is lost. Self-esteem is the opinion and value you have for yourself. Low self-esteem is often caused by the lack of positive body image, which almost every girl in America can relate to. It has been reported that at age thirteen, 53% of American girls are unhappy with their bodies. This grows to be 78% by the time girls reach seventeen. Having a low self-esteem may seem like an insignificant effect to some; however, it leads to much more serious problems that can even result in dire consequences. According to I Am Beautiful, a program created to help girls with low self-esteem issues to build their confidence, girls with low self-esteem are more likely to suffer from depression, consider or attempt suicide, or be more willing to engage in unhealthy sexual activity. Although it is not impossible to restore ones self esteem, it is difficult and may require professional attention such as a therapist fo r the individuals to accept themselves for who they are. In conclusion, body image is not to be taken lightly. People should make up their minds that they will not be negatively influenced by the media. In doing this, the public can view the media for what it truly is, a means of conveying information or providing entertainment. Good common sense should tell a woman that the overly attractive person in an advertisement is a model and should be admired for her beauty; all women are not required to look like a model to be attractive. The process of differentiating fact from fiction in adverts cannot be described on paper. It can only happen in the mind of the individuals. It is true that some messages are sent subliminally, but if consumers would appreciate advertisement for what it actually is, much of these ordeals could be avoided.

Relational Aesthetics

Relational Aesthetics Introduction Nicolas Bourriaud came up with the term â€Å"Relational Art† in 1995. He defined it as artistic practices that include the whole human relationships together with their social environment as their point of origin. He did not consider art to a private and independent aspect without a context. Bourriaud gave art a whole new outlook where artists no longer have to create art from hidden ideas, but they can create art that incorporates a social surrounding. This is where individuals come together and take part in a group activity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relational Aesthetics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this art, the act is seen as between a community and art, as opposed to an individual viewer and the object of art. The meaning of a certain piece of art is shared collectively by the society in relational aesthetics, and it is not limited to the space of individual perception and idea . This means that art has a clear and open display that is easily understood by the community around. This is because the community finds aspects they can relate to in the art. Relational aesthetics keeps art within a level that the society can understand and takes it off the high levels of complicated processes. Such processes lead to the production of dry, academic, mechanical, and superficial works of art that are empty of meaning, emotions, and integrity (Rosati, para. 2). When art is not able to reach out to the society, it is of no use since it cannot have any physical, moral, spiritual or psychological impact on the viewers. Such art does not take into account the societal factor. This threatens the survival of culture. The nature of relational aesthetics Relational aesthetics is a public and social art by nature. The basic nature of its existence is founded by the interaction between people in the society. Relational art removes the serious edge out of art. It creates an env ironment where people can enjoy themselves in art and creativity when this art is allowed to flow limitlessly. This art seeks to bring people together in the society by bringing art to a level where they can all relate. Unlike the normal art, which was only for those that understood its complexities, relational art exists in simplicity and familiarity. It is an art about aspects of life that relate to the ordinary individual. Relational aesthetics seeks to maintain the culture in a society. This is because it portrays issues that are within the society. The artists using relational art bring out themes that are familiar to the society. This is done in works that are easy to interpret. This is the factor that makes relational aesthetics social and interactive since the society can relate to such works.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many modern artists have developed a keen intere st in Bourriaud’s concept of relational aesthetics and have embraced the concept. One such artist is Maurizio Cattelan. Cattelan is an Italian artist based in New York. He is popularly known for his dark humor shown in his work that is mostly of a satirical nature. His view towards art is that it can be used for fun at various systems of order in the society. This has earned him the reputation of an art scene joker. Cattelan has adapted Bourriauds concept of relational aesthetics, which is depicted in all his works. Two of his works such as La Nona Ora and HIM will be discussed in this work. La Nona Ora-The Ninth Hour The La Nona Ora is a sculpture that is made up of the effigy of the Pope John Paul II clad in his full ceremonial attire, lying beneath a meteorite that has crashed through a glass ceiling and is about to crush him. It is one of his most popular sculptures. Maurizio Cattelan La Nora Ora-1999 Adapted from: Lambe, 2012 On face value, this sculpture conjures up hu mor in those viewing it. It begs the question of how the representative of god on earth would be crushed by a meteorite from the heavens.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relational Aesthetics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Maurizio makes use of relational aesthetics to bring out is views and opinions. Growing up, life was not all easy for him. He came from a poor background, and he grew up with a negative attitude towards authority. In Maurizio’s world, ceilings of control and authority should not exist. That is why he found his niche in relational aesthetics where art gives the artists the freedom to express their feelings and opinions. This is because artists do not need to hide their feelings behind abstract ideas and other complexities of art. The above sculpture is extremely direct. It is a remarkably straightforward demonstration of the conflicting views of religion and science. Unlike the normal art, where the viewer has to look for some hidden meaning behind art, relational art is direct and easy to understand. The relational aesthetics aspect in Maurizio’s sculpture provides a chance of interaction between people. According to Wilcox, relational keeps its awe for a realm where it truly belongs which is the interaction between human beings (p.339). The La Nora Ora created such a large wave of awareness that people had already seen its pictures even before its official public showing. This is because it touched on issues that were relevant in the society. Members of the society can relate to the piece of art. Most conventional art works are usually reserved for certain scholarly group that understands the depths of the artist’s concept. Relational art is open to everyone as it is easy to understand and touches on concepts that are familiar in the society (Wilcox, p. 340). HIM Cattelan’s him is a child-size rendition of Hitler on his knees in prayer. This sc ulpture, like all his works, is a satirical depiction of Hitler that has a spooky edge to it. The fact that Hitler, with all the atrocities he inflicted upon the innocent in history, can also kneel and pray arouses many emotions among the viewers who look at the sculpture. Maurizio Cattelan â€Å"him† 2001Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Adapted from: Lambe, 2012 Relational aesthetics provides limitless options for an imaginative artist. Cattelan uses this aspect of relational art to the maximum. The him sculpture is a projection of how he provokes and challenges the restrictions and limits that contemporary systems have. He does this mainly through humor and irony. The child-size feature of Hilter, the attire, the pose, and look on his face is subject to different opinions and interpretations. Such a piece of art is direct and simple; hence the public finds it easy to interpret these works of art. The concept and theme of the work is also direct, and the public can relate to it. This is an aspect of relational aesthetics that sets it apart from the conventional art. Maurizio Cattelan’s work often combine sculpture and performance, as depicted in the him sculpture where the child-like Hitler is performing a prayer. His work also subverts the traditional rules of culture, symbolical theft and acts of insubordi nation. Relational aesthetics has a way of allowing artists like Cattelan to tease the art world and expand their imaginations to unimaginable extremes. Cattelan has mastered the art of teasing the art world. He applies irony and satire to his works and addressing issues that affect the society without taking sides. The artist seeks to bring out the reality of all situations in all its complexities without necessarily supporting any ideologies (Lambe, para 5). Conclusion Nicolus Bourriaud made a significant contribution to the art world by coming up with the relational aesthetics concept. This concept has seen the success of many modern artists including Maruchio Cattelan who has embraced the relational arts fully in his works. Cattelan bases his works are of a relational aesthetics nature that seems to have blended in remarkably well with the society. His works have a terrific gallery value and they sell even in the worst economic downturns. This shows that relational aesthetics is more acceptable in the society than the traditional art, which was complex for most people to comprehend. Relational aesthetics has helped artists like Cattelan express their creativity without limit and restrictions hence explore the deepest canyons of art and present it to the society. This presentation is not hidden and masked in complexities. However, it is in a simple way that viewers will find intriguing and enriching. In a way, it opens the viewers’ eyes to the issues that affect the society. All this is presented from an objective view that supports no ideologies. Lambe, Claire. The Last Word – A Report on the Retirement of Maurizio Cattelan. 2012. Web. rollmagazine.com/the-last-word-%E2%80%93-a-report-on-the-retirement-of-maurizio-cattelan/ Rosati, Lauren. Providence: Relational Aesthetics and the Underground. 2008. Web. Wilcox, Alana. The State of the Arts: Living with Culture in Toronto. Toronto: Coach House Books, 2006. Print.